Lets put it this way... In my experiance has an engine rebuilder, running ANY engine without a properly functioning lubrication system, damage occurs.
No ifs/ands or buts.
Now, you're real problem is WHAT damage has occured.
If it shut itself down, it could (unlikely though) have been from the OPS not seeing the right parameters, and saying nighty night for the thing, and it DECIDED to shut down.
More likely then not, it didn't shut down, it was STOPPED.
Sad to say, but I could sit here and tell you all night and all morning what COULD be done to see what has happined without going inside, but you'll never know without going inside.
Pulling cylinder heads will allow you to see the condition of the cylinder walls, and pulling the pan will allow you to see the crank and rods, but until you pull it all apart, and clean it up, you won't know even half the story.
If it were my engine, I'd leave it till I could pull it out, and pull it apart, but I've already done that, so doing it again is only a PITA for me, not a nightmare as it may be for some.
I feel for ya.